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World & History
c. 1200 BCE – 146 BCE (Archaic, Classical, Hellenistic) · Aegean Sea Basin (Maritime civilization: Eurotas, Ilissos rivers)
Aegean Sea Basin (Maritime civilization: Eurotas, Ilissos rivers)
Greece, Turkey (Aegean coast), Southern Italy (Magna Graecia), Cyprus
Greek Alphabet (adapted from Phoenician alphabet by adding explicit vowels; parent of Latin and Cyrillic)
Athens (Acropolis), Sparta, Delphi
Fragmented across mountainous terrain and islands, ancient Greece organized into autonomous city-states (poleis), the most prominent being democratic Athens and oligarchic militarist Sparta.
The 5th century BCE 'Golden Age of Athens' under Pericles saw the construction of the Parthenon, the development of direct democracy (ekklesia), tragic and comedic drama (Sophocles, Euripides, Aristophanes), and historical inquiry by Herodotus ('Father of History') and Thucydides.
Alexander the Great of Macedon (356–323 BCE) unified Greece, conquered the Persian Empire all the way to the Punjab/Indus, and inaugurated the Hellenistic Era, fusing Greek culture across Egypt and Central Asia.
The Parthenon on the Athenian Acropolis
Doric temple dedicated to Athena Parthenos, designed by Ictinus and Callicrates with sculptures by Phidias
The Theatre of Epidaurus
Acoustically flawless ancient outdoor amphitheatre seating 14,000 spectators
Temple of Apollo at Delphi
Seat of the Oracle of Delphi (Pythia), regarded as the center (omphalos) of the earth
Colossus of Rhodes and Lighthouse of Alexandria (Hellenistic Wonders of the Ancient World)
Weakened by the catastrophic Peloponnesian War (431–404 BCE) between Athens and Sparta, Greece was subjugated by Philip II of Macedon and ultimately conquered by the Roman Republic at the Battle of Corinth in 146 BCE.
Frequently tested examiner questions, excavation dates, discoverers, and key historical points:
Practice questions on Ancient Greek Civilization
Test your memory with real competitive exam MCQs.