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The long-term warming of the planet caused mainly by burning coal, oil and gas, which release greenhouse gases that trap heat.
Since the late 1800s Earth's average temperature has risen by more than 1 °C. This causes more intense heat waves, heavier rains and floods, longer droughts, melting glaciers and rising seas.
Pakistan has more glaciers than almost any country outside the polar regions, and they feed the Indus. Rising heat causes glacial lake outburst floods in the north and dangerous heat waves in cities such as Jacobabad. The 2022 monsoon floods caused damage and losses estimated at over US$30 billion.
Under the Paris Agreement, countries set targets to cut emissions. At COP27 (2022), with Pakistan playing a leading role, countries agreed to create a fund for 'loss and damage' to help poor countries hit by climate disasters.
Saving energy, planting trees, reducing waste and using public transport all help, but the biggest changes depend on governments and industry moving to clean energy.