Allama Muhammad Iqbal

Known for

Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam, the idea of Pakistan

Thought

Iqbal called for the revival of Muslim civilization through the cultivation of a dynamic, self-affirming selfhood (Khudi) — individuals and nations achieving their fullest potential through action, struggle and creative will rather than passive fatalism. He argued Islamic law and thought must be actively reconstructed (ijtihad) to meet the modern age, and in his 1930 presidential address to the All-India Muslim League proposed a separate, consolidated state for Muslims in the subcontinent's northwest — the intellectual seed from which Pakistan grew.

Biography

Poet, barrister and philosopher educated in Lahore, Cambridge and Munich, regarded as the spiritual father of the idea of Pakistan and the national poet of Pakistan.

CSS Philosophy paper topics

Major works

• The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam
• Bang-e-Dra
• Bal-e-Jibril