Practice modes
Languages & Literature
Pakistan
World & History
Pan-Islamism, anti-colonial reform movement
Afghani argued that the Muslim world's weakness before European colonial powers stemmed from internal division and the neglect of reason and science, and called for the political unity of Muslims across national and sectarian lines (Pan-Islamism) as the only effective basis for resisting colonial domination. He combined this political activism with a call for Islamic modernist reform, directly inspiring students such as Muhammad Abduh and Rashid Rida.
Itinerant activist, journalist and advisor who moved constantly between Iran, Afghanistan, India, Egypt, Europe and the Ottoman Empire, rarely settling anywhere for long.