Antarctic Treaty

1 December 1959 · Washington, D.C.

Cold War & arms control

Background

The 12 original signatories had scientists in Antarctica during the International Geophysical Year (1957–58). In force from 1961, it bans military bases, nuclear explosions and radioactive waste dumping, and allows inspections. A 1991 protocol bans mining.

Signed by

Twelve countries, including the USA and USSR

Why it matters

Made Antarctica a continent for peace and science only, banning military activity and freezing territorial claims. Pakistan joined in 2012.