Active & Passive Voice

How each tense changes from active to passive, with rules.

Tense	Passive form	Active	Passive
Present Simple	`is/am/are + V3`	She writes a letter.	A letter is written by her.
Present Continuous	`is/am/are + being + V3`	She is writing a letter.	A letter is being written by her.
Present Perfect	`has/have + been + V3`	She has written a letter.	A letter has been written by her.
Past Simple	`was/were + V3`	She wrote a letter.	A letter was written by her.
Past Continuous	`was/were + being + V3`	She was writing a letter.	A letter was being written by her.
Past Perfect	`had + been + V3`	She had written a letter.	A letter had been written by her.
Future Simple	`will + be + V3`	She will write a letter.	A letter will be written by her.
Future Perfect	`will + have + been + V3`	She will have written a letter.	A letter will have been written by her.
Modal (can/must/should)	`modal + be + V3`	She can write a letter.	A letter can be written by her.

Key rules

The object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence.
The main verb changes to its past participle (V3), with the correct form of 'be'.
The doer is introduced with 'by' (and is often left out if unimportant: 'The road was repaired').
Pronouns change form: I → me, we → us, he → him, she → her, they → them.
Perfect continuous tenses and future continuous are usually not used in the passive.
Commands use 'let': 'Open the door.' → 'Let the door be opened.'

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