V. Accountability

Answerability and enforceability

Accountability is the obligation of those who hold power to explain and justify their actions to others, who can question them, pass judgement and impose consequences.

Two elements

Answerability and enforceability (Andreas Schedler)

Directions

Vertical, horizontal and diagonal (social)

Political, legal, administrative, professional, public and private

Accountability takes several forms: political accountability to voters and parliament, legal or judicial accountability to the courts, administrative accountability within the bureaucracy, professional accountability to peers, and accountability in the private and public sectors.

Main types

Political, legal/judicial, administrative, professional, private vs public

Pakistan's anti-corruption institutions and remedial measures

Pakistan has used laws, institutions and strategies to fight corruption, from the PRODA law of 1949 to the National Accountability Bureau (1999), the National Anti-Corruption Strategy (2002), the UN Convention against Corruption (ratified 2007) and digital reforms.

NAB

National Accountability Ordinance, 1999

National Anti-Corruption Strategy

2002

UNCAC

Ratified by Pakistan in 2007